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Central African Republic

History
Main article: History of the Central African Republic
Prehistory
From around 1000 BC and 1000 AD, Adamawa-Eastern language peoples spread eastward from Cameroon to Sudan and settled in most of the territory of the CAR. During the same period, a much smaller number of Bantu-speaking immigrants settled southwestern CAR and language populations in central Sudan installed along the Oubangui.
Most people in the car and speak Adamawa-Eastern languages or Bantu languages belonging to the Niger-Congo family. Minority Sudanese family talks about the Central languages Nilo-Saharan Africa. Recent immigrants include many Muslim merchants who speak Arabic or Hausa.
Exposure to outside world
Until the early 1800, the people of the CAR lived beyond the expanding Islamic frontier in the western Sudanese region of Africa and therefore had relatively little contact with other religions Abrahamic or economies of the north. During the first decades of the nineteenth century, however, Muslim traders began to penetrate more and more of the region the CAR and to cultivate special relations with local leaders to facilitate their trade and settlement in the region.
The arrival of the first Muslim traders in the early 1800 has been relatively peaceful and depended on the support of the local population, but after the slave traders in 1850, with heavily armed soldiers have begun to enter the region. Among C. 1860 and 1910, slave traders from Sudan, Chad, Cameroon, Dar al-Kuti in Northern CAR and Nzakara Zande States and the RCA Southeast to export much of the eastern population of the Central African Republic, a region with few inhabitants today.
French colonialism
Main article: Ubangi-Shari
Ubangi-Shari in 1910
European Central African Penetration planning began in the nineteenth century during the call Scramble for Africa (C. 18.7519 million). Savorgnan Conde de Brazza took the lead in establishing the French Congo with headquarters in the city that bears his name, Brazzaville, and sent expeditions up the Ubangi River in order to extend the French claims on the territory of Central Africa. King Leopold II of Belgium, Germany and the UK also participated in the preparation of their claims the territory of the Central African region.
In 1889, the French established a post on the Ubangi River at Bangui the future capital of Ubangi-Chari and the WTA. De Brazza, then sent 189,091 shipments Sangha River in what is now south-western CAR, the center of the Ubangi basin toward Lake Chad, and eastward along the Ubangi River to the Nile procolonial De Brazza and French wanted to extend the borders of Congo in France to establish links with the territories French West Africa, North Africa and East Africa.
In 1894, the French border with the State Congo Congo of Leopold II of Germany and Cameroon were fixed by diplomatic agreements. Then in 1899, the French Congo border with Sudan fixed along the Nile, Congo, leaving France without her much coveted making on the Nile and turning south Ubangi-Shari in a dead end.
A Once European negotiators agreed on the banks of the French Congo, France had to decide how to pay for the costly occupation, administration and land development. The financial success of the dealers of Leopold II in the Congo Free State convinced the French government in 1899 to grant 17 private companies large concessions in the region of Ubangi-Shari. In return, the right to exploit these lands by purchasing local products and selling European products, the companies agreed to pay rent to the colonial state and promote the development of their concessions. European companies and African officials have often used extremely brutal and atrocious methods to force Central Africans to work for them. At the same time, the colonial administration French began to force Central Africans to pay taxes and provide the state with free labor. The companies and French administration often collaborated in their efforts to compel the Central African Republic to work for them, but also often in disagreement.
Some French officials have denounced abuses by the private militias and even by their own colleagues and the colonial troops, but efforts to bring these criminals to justice almost always fail. When news of atrocities against the Central African Republic by the employees and the concessionaire or colonial officials and troops arrived in France caused an outcry, there was no research and timid attempts at reform, but the situation on the ground in Ubangi-Shari remained essentially the same.
1924 Stamps
Meanwhile, during the first decade of French colonial rule (c. 19,001,910), the leaders of African states in the Ubangi-Shari region increased their activities raid of slaves and the sale of local products to European companies and the colonial state. Benefited from their treaties with France to acquire more weapons that were used to capture more slaves and to Ubangi-Shari half This was depopulated as a result of the export of the Central African Republic by local leaders for the first decade of colonial rule. Those who had power, Africans and Europeans, often made life miserable for those who have not had the strength to resist.
During the second decade of colonial rule (c. 19.10192 million), armed employees of private companies and the colonial state continued to use brutal methods to deal with local populations who resisted forced labor, but the power of local African leaders was destroyed and slave raiding was greatly diminished. In 1911, the Sangha and Lobaye basins were ceded to Germany under an agreement which gave France a free-hand in Morocco and the Western Ubangi-Shari under occupation German until the First World War, during which France reconquered this territory by using Central African troops.
The cultures of the third decade of the Colony (19201930) was a transition period during which they built a road network, have been promoted, mobile health services have been trained to fight against sleeping sickness, and Protestant missions established stations in different parts of the country. New forms of forced labor has also introduced, however, the French conscripted large number of working Ubangians Congo-Ocean rail and many of these recruits are died of exhaustion and disease.
In 1925, French writer Andre Gide published Voyage au Congo in which he described the alarming consequences of conscription for the Congo-Ocean railway and exposed the continuing atrocities committed against Central Africans in Western Ubangi-Shari by employees of the Forestry Agency of the Sangha, Ubangi, for example. In 1928, a vast insurrection, the Kongo-Wara War "The handle of the hoe" has exploded in western Ubangi-Chari and continued for several years. The extent of this insurrection, perhaps the greatest rebellion colonial Africa during the two wars, has been carefully concealed from the French public as they provide evidence, once again, strong opposition to French colonial rule and forced labor.
During the fourth decade of colonial rule (c. 19.30194 million), cotton, coffee and tea crops seems important commercial in Ubangi-Shari and the mining of diamonds and gold began in earnest. Several cotton companies were granted monopolies in major shopping areas cotton production and thus able to fix the prices paid to farmers to ensure profits for their shareholders. The Europeans established coffee plantations and Central African Republic also began to grow coffee.
Fifth decade of colonial rule (c. 19,401,950) has been shaped by World War II political reforms that followed in its wake. In September 1940 pro-Gaullist French officers took control of Ubangi-Shari.
Independence
1 December 1958, the colony of Ubangi-Shari became an autonomous territory within the French Community and took the name of the Central African Republic. The founder and Chairman of the Board of Directors, Barthlmy Boganda, died in a mysterious plane crash in 1959, just eight days before the last elections was colonial. On August 13, 1960, the Central African Republic became independent and two of his closest collaborators Boganda Abel Goumba and David Dacko was engaged in a power struggle. With the support of the French, Dacko took power and was stopped before Goomba. In 1962 President Dacko had established a single party state.
On December 31, 1965 Dacko was overthrown by a coup yesterday by Colonel Jean-bdel Bokassa, who suspended the constitution and dissolved the National Assembly. President Bokassa declared president for life in 1972, and proclaimed himself Emperor Bokassa I of Central African Empire, December 4, 1976. A year later, Emperor Bokassa is crowned in a lavish ceremony expensive and was ridiculed by much of the world. In 1979, France carried out a coup against Bokassa and "restored" Dacko to power. Dacko, in turn, was overthrown by a coup by General André Kolingba, September 1, 1981.
Kolingba suspended the constitution and ruled by a military junta until 1985. Introduced a new constitution in 1986 which was approved by a national referendum. Membership in his new party, the democracies of Central Rally (RDC) was voluntary. In 1987, semi-competitive elections were held in Parliament and municipal elections were held in 1988. Kolingba two main political opponents, Abel Goumba and Ange-Flix Patasse, boycotted these elections because their parties were not allowed to compete.
In 1990, after the fall of the Berlin Wall, a movement for democracy became very active. In May 1990, a letter signed by 253 prominent citizens called for the convening of a National Conference Kolingba arrested, but refused the request and many opponents. Pressure by the United States, more reluctantly by France and a group of countries and organizations known locally represented GIBAFOR (USA, France Germany, Japan, EU, World Bank and UN) finally led Kolingba obtain agreement in principle to hold free elections in October 1992 with the assistance of the Office of the United Nations Electoral Affairs. After use the excuse of alleged irregularities to suspend the election results as an excuse to stay in power, President Kolingba GIBAFOR Fall intense pressure to create a "National Policy on the Interim Board of Democracy (Provisional National Political Council) (CNPPR) and establish a" commission mixed electoral including representatives of all political parties.
When elections were finally held in 1993, again with the help of the community international, Ange-Flix Patasse past the first round and finished fourth after Abel Goumba Kolingba and David Dacko. In the second round, won 53 percent of the vote, while Patasse Goomba won 45.6 percent. Most support came Patasse prefectures Gbaya, Kare and Kaba in seven voters in densely populated northwest while Goomba that support came mainly from the prefectures of at least ten villages south and east. In addition, Patassé Party, the Movement for the libration of the Peoples of Central Africa (MLPC) or Movement for the Liberation of the People of Central Africa developed a simple, but not the absolute majority of seats in parliament, which means Patasse coalition partners is necessary.
Patasse former President Kolingba relieved of his military rank of general in March 1994, then charged several former ministers with various crimes. Patasse also eliminates many of the important Yakoma lucrative positions in government. Two hundred Yakoma mostly members of the presidential guard were also dismissed or reassigned the army. Kolingba RDC loudly proclaimed that the government was Patasse conduct a witch hunt "against Yakoma.
A new constitution was adopted on December 28 1994 and promulgated January 14, 1995, but this constitution, like its predecessors, has not had much impact on the practice of politics. In 19961997, reflecting a steady decline in public confidence in his erratic behavior, three mutinies against the government Patasse were accompanied by widespread destruction of property and the aggravation of ethnic tensions. On January 25, 1997, peace was signed the Bangui Agreements, which provide the deployment of a military mission among African countries, Inter-Agency Mission to Monitor the Bangui Agreements (MISAB). former President of Mali, Amadou Tour, served as chief mediator and negotiated entry of former rebels in the government of April 7, 1997. The mission MISAB was replaced by a force of peacekeepers of the United Nations, the United Nations Mission Central African Republic (MINURCA).
In the 1998 parliamentary elections resulted in the Democratic Republic of Congo Kolingba 'win 20 of 109 seats, that is a return, but in 1999, despite the popular anger in urban centers with his corrupt regime, free Patasse won elections to become president for a second mandate. On May 28, 2001 the rebels took by assault strategic buildings in Bangui in a coup attempt fails. The Chief of Staff, Abel Abrou, and General Francois N'Djadder Bedaya were killed, but Patasse regained the lead in using the 300 soldiers of the rebel leader Jean-Pierre Bemba on the river in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Libyan soldiers.
After the coup d'etat, the militia loyal to Patasse sought revenge against the rebels in many neighborhoods of the capital, Bangui, which resulted in the destruction of many houses and torture and murder of many opponents. Finally Patassé came to suspect that General François Bozize was involved in another coup attempt against it and so Bozize fled with loyal troops to Chad. In March 2003, Bozize launched a surprise attack Patasse contras, who was outside the country. Libyan troops and some 1,000 soldiers of the rebel Congolese Bemba failed to arrest the rebels who took control of the country and thus succeeded in overthrowing Patasse.
François Bozize suspended the Constitution and appointed a new cabinet which included most opposition parties. Abel Goumba "Mr. Clean", has been named vice president, that gave the government a new Bozize positive image. National Bozize established a broad-based Transitional Council to draft a new constitution and announced he would resign and run for office once the new constitution was approved. A national dialogue was held from September 15 to October 27, 2003, Bozize won the elections fair that Patasse excluded, to be elected a second vote in May 2005.
humanitarian peace-building and development
The car is very dependent multilateral foreign aid and the presence of numerous non-governmental organizations providing services that the government does not provide. As a representative of UNDP said, the Central African Republic organizations is a country "under the serum, or a country metaphorically connected to an IV. (Mehler 2005:150). The presence of many individuals and foreigners in the country, including peacekeepers and even refugee camps, is an important source of revenue for many Central Africans.
The country is self sufficient in food crops, but much of the population lives in a subsistence level. Livestock development is hindered by the presence of the tsetse fly.
In 2006, due to violence, more than 50,000 in the northwest of the country were at risk of starvation, and that was avoided only thanks for the support of the United Nations. [Citation needed]
Commission Consolidation of sites of the Central African Republic on the agenda of June 12, 2008, the Central African Republic became the fourth country to put in the agenda of the United Nations Commission on Consolidation of Peace, which was created in 2005 to help countries emerging from conflict avoid slipping back into war or chaos. The body of 31 members agreed to renew status after a government request.
Peacebuilding Fund The Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said January 8, 2008 the Central African Republic was eligible for assistance from the Fund for the Consolidation of Peace. Three priority areas identified were: 1) sector reform security 2) Promote good governance and the rule of law and 3) the revitalization of communities affected by conflict.
Policy
Article: Politics Central African Republic
François Bozize is chairman of the country. A new constitution was approved by voters in a referendum held on December 5 2004. Full multiparty presidential and legislative elections were held in March 2005, with a second round in May Bozize was declared the winner, by a vote of runoff.
In February 2006, there were reports of widespread violence in the northern part of the RCA. Thousands of refugees have fled their homes, caught in the crossfire of fighting between troops government and rebel forces. More than 7,000 people have fled to neighboring Chad. Those who remained said CAR government troops systematically killing men and children suspected of cooperating with the rebels.
The prefectures and sub-prefectures
Prefectures of the Central African Republic
Main article: Prefectures of the Republic Central and sub-prefectures of the Central African Republic
The Central African Republic is divided into 14 administrative prefectures (prefecture), with two prefectures economics (Economic Affairs Prefecture) and one autonomous region. The prefectures are divided into 71 prefectures (sub-prefecture).
The prefectures are:
Bamingui-Bangoran
Basse-Kotto
Haute-Kotto
High Mbomou
KMO
Lobaye
Mamre-Kad
Mbomou
Nana-Mamre
Ombella-M'Poko
Ouaka
Ouham
Ouham-Pend
Vakaga
the two prefectures of Nana-economic and Sangha Grbizi mbar, the commune is Bangui.
Geography
Main article: Geography Central African Republic
Satellite image of Central African Republic bitmap graphics data supplied by the card Library
Map of the Central African Republic
Ubangi River in the outskirts of Bangui.
The Republic is a landlocked country in mainland Africa. It borders the countries of Cameroon, Chad, Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo and the Republic of Congo.
Much of the country consists of savanna flat plateau or bearings, typically about 1,640 feet (500 m) above sea level, most of the northern half is in the World Wildlife Fund Ecoregion Sudanian savanna East. In the northeast are the hills of Fertit, and there are hills scattered in the southwestern part of the country. Northwest Yade Massif, a granite plateau with an elevation of 3,750 feet (1,143 m).
At 240.519 miles square (622 941 km2), Central African Republic is a country 42nd largest in the world. It is comparable in size to Ukraine, and is slightly less than the U.S. state of Texas.
Much the southern border is formed by the tributaries of the River Congo, with the river in the merger Mbomou east of the river to form Uele Ubangi River. In the west, the Sangha River through part of the country. eastern border lies along the Nile River basin
Estimates number of countries covered by forest at a distance of 8%, with the most dense in the south. The forest is very diverse and includes commercial species Ayous important Sapelli and Sipo. The deforestation rate is 0.4% per year, and timber poaching is common.
The climate of the tropical general CAR. The northern regions are subject the harmattan winds, which are hot and dry, and dust. The northern regions have been subject to desertification, and the north is a desert. The rest of the country is prone to flooding from nearby rivers.
In November 2008 National Geographic Central African Republic has been appointed as the country least affected by light pollution.
Economy
Main article: Economy of the Central Republic
A child playing with a kerosene lamp burning in the city of Birao, the Central African Republic. The city was almost completely burned in March 2007 during fighting between rebels and government troops.
The economy is dominated by car for growing crops and selling crops such as cassava, peanuts, corn, sorghum, millet, sesame, bananas and homonymy [Sara needed]. The annual growth rate Real GDP over 3%. The importance of food crops to cash crops exported indicated by the fact that the total production of cassava-based foods of most Central Africans, ranges between 200,000 and 300,000 tonnes per year, while cotton production, the main export crops, ranging from 25,000 to 45,000 tons per year. Cultures are not exported in large quantities, but they are still the major cash crops of the country because Central Africans derive a percentage of income on the sale of surplus food crops, cash crops newspapers as the export of cotton and coffee.
The partners CAR imports is the largest of South Korea (20.2%), followed by France (13.6%) and Cameroon (7.7%), while its main export partner is Japan (40.4%), followed by Belgium (9.8%) and China (8.2%).
Many rural and urban women also turn food crops for beverages alcoholic as sorghum beer or spirits and get a sizable income from the sale of such beverages. Much of the proceeds from the sale of food and alcohol is not " books "and therefore not taken into account when calculating the per capita income, which is one reason that the official figures of per capita income are not accurate the case of the CAR.
The per capita income of the cars is often listed as approximately $ 300 per year, said one of the lowest in the world, but this figure is based mainly on sales of exports and largely ignores the larger sales, but not food locally produced alcohol, diamonds, ivory, meat wild, and traditional medicine, for example. Car informal economy is more important than the formal economy for most Central Africans.
Diamonds are the most important export product of the Central African Republic, This is 4055% of export earnings, but it is estimated that 3050% of diamonds produced each year leave the country illegally. Export trade is hampered by the poor economic development and the location of this country away from the coast.
The wilderness of this country have potential as as ecotourism destinations. The country is known for its population of forest elephants. In the south-west, the Dzanga-Sangha National Park is a tropical forest area. In the north, Manovo Gounda-St Floris National Park was full of wildlife, including leopards, lions, rhinos. In the Northeast Bamingui-Bangoran the park. However, the population of wildlife in the parks has dropped dramatically in the last 20 years because of poaching on all from neighboring Sudan.
The CAR is a member of the Organisation for the Harmonisation of Business Law in Africa (OHADA).
The CAR is classified 180, 181 in the Fund "Business Doing Business in 2009 Report of the World Bank." Ease of business ranking uses a composite index on the regulation to promote business activity and those that impede its development.
Demography
Main article: Demographics of the Central African Republic
A people in the Central African Republic
AA's population almost quadrupled since independence. In 1960 the population was 1.232 million. Now population is 4.422 million. (2009 UN estimate) Note: Estimates for this country take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS, which can lead a lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, smaller population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex as one might expect.
The UN estimates that about 11% of the population aged 15 and 49 is HIV positive. Only 3% of the country has available antiretroviral therapies, compared to coverage 17% in the neighboring countries of Chad and Congo.
The nation is divided into more than 80 ethnic groups, each with their own language. Ethnic groups top 33% are Baya, Banda 27%, 13% Mandjia Sara 10%, 7% Mboum, M'Baka 4% and 4% Yakoma, other 2%, including most European origin French.
Health
Detailed article: Health in the Central African Republic
Life expectancy at birth was 48.2 and male life expectancy at birth was 45.1 in 2007. The fertility rate is about five births per woman. Public spending on health has been U.S. $ 20 (PPP) per person in 2006. There are 8 doctors per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004. Public expenditure on health amounted to 10.9% of total government expenditure in 2006.
Religion
Main article: Religion in the Republic Central
Religion in the Central African Republic
religion
percent
Christian

50%
Native

35%
Islam

15%
Christians make up 50 percent of the population, while 35 percent of the population to retain indigenous beliefs and Islam is practiced by 15 percent of the population.
There are many missionary groups operating in the country, including Lutherans, Baptists, Catholics, brothers Grace, and Jehovah's Witnesses. Although the missionaries were found in most of the United States, France, Italy and Spain, many of them are also of Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo and other African countries. Many missionaries have left the country because of fighting between rebels and government forces in 2002 and 2003. Many are now returned and resumed their activities.
Culture
Music
Main article: Music of the Central African Republic
Education
Main article: Education in the Central African Republic
Public education in the Central African Republic is free and compulsory education from age 6 to 14 years. About half the adult population is illiterate. The country has the University of Bangui.
See also
List of writers from the Central African Republic
See also
Africa portal
Main article: Map of the Central African Republic
List themes of the Republic
Transportation Central African Republic
References
^ Department of Economic Population Division and social (2009) (. PDF). World Population Prospects, Table A.1. 2008 revision. United Nations. http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf. Retrieved on 12/03/2009.
Abcd ^ "Central African Republic. International Monetary Fund. Http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&ey=2009&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds = . & br = 1 & c = 626 & s = NGDPD, NGDPDPC, PPPGDP, PPPPC, LP and GRP = 0 & a = & = 53 & pr.y pr.x = 9. Retrieved on 10/01/2009.
^ What side of the road do drive the? Brian Lucas. August 2005. Retrieved on 28/01/2009
^ List of countries by Human Development Index
Foreign SA a ^ 04/24/2001 Central African Republic in Finland than the environment?
^ "Thousands could die of hunger, says UN spokesman Maurizio Giuliano." Http: / / www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=58581.
^ Http: / / www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2008/pbc39.doc.htm
^ Http: / / www.unpbf.org / CAR.shtml
^ Reuters AlertNet CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: The study results will be announced May 22, an official said
^ Africa BBC | News of the World | Country profiles | Timeline: Central African Republic
^ BBC Africa thousands NEWS | new car away "rebels"
^ BBC Africa thousands | NEWS CAR flee violence
Embedded ^ (In English) in March 2001, Forests Monitor
^ The forests of the Congo Basin: State of the Forest 2006. CARP 13-Jul-07
^ Https: / / www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2050.html?countryName=China&countryCode=ch&regionCode=eas # & Ch
^ Https: / / www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2061.html?countryName=China&countryCode=ch&regionCode=eas & ch #
OHADA.com ^: The website of Business Law in Africa, http://www.ohada.com/index.php, extracted 22/03/2009
^ Http: / / www.doingbusiness.org / Documents / CountryProfiles / CAF.pdf
^ Country
^ Http: / / data.unaids.org/pub/GlobalReport/2006/2006_GR_ANN3_en.pdf
Abcd ^ http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_CAF.html
^ Http: / / www.afro.who.int / home / countries / fact_sheets / car.pdf
^ The World Factbook
^ U.S. Department of State
^ "Republic Central. Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labour (2001). Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U.S. Department of Labor (2002). ^ Http: / / www.unicef.org / Infobycountry / car_statistics.html
Further reading
Kalck, Peter, Historical Dictionary of the Central African Republic, 2004
Petringa, Mary, Brazza, a life for Africa (2006) ISBN 978-1-4259-1198-0
Titley, Brian, Dark Ages: The Political Odyssey of Emperor Bokassa, 2002
References
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News
news IRIN humanitarian analysis and Central African Republic
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Cultural
Baka culture and music of the early inhabitants of the Central African Republic, with photos and ethnographic notes
Tourism
Central African Republic travel guide Wikitravel
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Location of the Central African Republic in a 3D world (Java)
Republic Central to the Humanitarian and Development Partnership Team (HDPT)
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Johann Hari in Birao, Central African Republic Secret War in France for The Independent, October 5, 2007
EV
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History
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Togo

Volta-Congo

Senufo
Benin
Côte d'Ivoire
Mali
Gur
Benin
Burkina Faso
Côte d'Ivoire
Ghana
Mali
Nigeria
Togo
Adamawa-Ubangi
Cameroon
CAR
Chad
Nigeria
Kru
Burkina Faso
Côte d'Ivoire
Liberia
Kwa
Benin
Côte d'Ivoire
Ghana
Nigeria
Togo

Benue-Congo

Bantu
Angola
Botswana
Burundi
Cameroon
Democratic Republic Congo
Yoruba and Igbo
Nigeria
Congo Democratic Republic
Equatorial Guinea
Gabon
Kenya
Lesotho
Nigeria
Malawi
Mozambique
Namibia
Rwanda
From South Africa
Swaziland
Tanzania
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
CAR = Republic Central African Republic Congo DRC =
Categories: Central African Republic country | Africa | States African Union Member | language Least Developed Country | France | Landlocked countries | States of La Francophonie Member states | and territories 1960Hidden have established categories: motion Wikipedia page protected for vandalism | Articles containing French language text | video games | articles Related December 2007 | Articles with links needing disambiguation About the Author

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The European Constitution and Christianity

The Hebrew Republic: Jewish Sources and the Transformation of European Political Thought $19.72 According to a commonplace narrative, the rise of modern political thought in the West resulted from secularization—the exclusion of religious arguments from political discourse. But in this pathbreaking work, Eric Nelson argues that this familiar story is wrong. Instead, he contends, political thought in early-modern Europe became less, not more, secular with time, and it was the Christian…

The King’s Two Bodies $28.00 In 1957 Ernst Kantorowicz published a book that would be the guide for generations of scholars through the arcane mysteries of medieval political theology. In The King’s Two Bodies, Kantorowicz traces the historical problem posed by the “King’s two bodies”–the body politic and the body natural–back to the Middle Ages and demonstrates, by placing the concept in its proper setting of medieval thou…

Betrayal $10.97 A sweeping historical examination of the often-neglected roles that Christian churches played in the Third Reich, this outstanding volume presents original research on Christian attitudes and responses to Hitler’s persecution of the Jews. Probing the churches’ history, institutional structures, teachings, and actions of prominent church people and theologians, leading historians tell the story …